PARODI MARIA RAFFAELLA M5 – Progettazione: materiali e sussidi didattici
Titolo del modulo: “ON THE BORDER BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY: THE CONCEPT OF DESIRE”
1) ARISTOTLE 2) DESCARTES/SPINOZA 3) FREUD/LACAN”
UDA
n. 1
Desire in
Aristotle
It’s
a
central concept in
Aristotle‘s
ethical and psychological works, but he does not provide us with a
systematic treatment of the notion itself. Aristotle comes to the
conclusion that there is a faculty of desire
(orektikon)
whose occupation it is to initiate animal motion. (Perhaps his
initial reservations pertained only to one species of desire
considered in isolation). In any case, he says plainly: “It is
manifest, therefore, that what is called desire
is the sort of faculty in the soul which initiates movement” (De
Anima iii 10, 433a31-b1).
He understands this conclusion, however, in tandem with another which
also serves as a qualification of his earlier finding that mind
cannot be the source of motion.
He
holds, in fact, that it is reasonable to posit two faculties
implicated in animal movement: desire
and practical reason (De
Anima iii 10, 433a17–19),
though they do not work in isolation from one another. Practical
reason is a source of movement when it focuses upon an object of
desire
as something desirable.
So, practical
reason and desire act
corporately as the sources of purposive motion in all animals, both
human and non-human (De
Anima iii 10, 433a9-16),
even though, ultimately, it is desire
whose objects prick practical intellect and set it in motion (De
Anima iii 10, 433a17–2).
For
this reason, Aristotle concludes, there is a faculty
of desire
whose activities and objects are primarily, if not autonomously or
discretely, responsible for initiating end-directed motion in
animals. What animals seek in action is some object
of desire which
is or seems
to them to be good.
.
1.
After reading the text “desire
in Aristotle”, answer
the questions: TRUE OR FALSE?
Correct the false sentences
|
Answer
the questions:
- Aristotle provides us with a systematic treatment of the notion of desire T F
- desire is the sort of faculty in the soul which initiates movement T F
- Mind can be the source of movement T F
- one faculty is implicated in animal movement T F
- every kind of object can be an object of desire T F
**************
Giles
Pearson “ARISTOTLE on DESIRE”
https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/39579-aristotle-on-desire/
READ and GO to the comprehension...
Aristotle
discusses desire in his psychological, biological, and ethical
treatises. Perhaps, the fact that there is no systematic account of
desire in any of his existing works explains why few
commentators focus on the nature of desire itself, and
instead direct their attention to the role it plays in other aspects
of Aristotle's philosophy, focusing on the object of desire.
Moreover,
Aristotle
has something to contribute to contemporary discussions concerning
the philosophy of desire,
on virtue and non-rational desire.
There
are some issues that can be raised against his interpretation of
specific desires,
particularly that one called thumos
(impulse).
Aristotle
claims that we are moved to action only when we grasp the object of
desire,
when we move towards a scope, an aim of orexis
(Aristotle's
word for illustrating desire in general ).
However,
we can think about how good or pleasant it would be to take a walk,
for example, without being moved to do so. The key to
understand orexis is
determining what Aristotle means by the "good."
Also
in the Topics,
we
find
thumos,
in Nicomachean
Ethics,
thumos is
represented as an "essential component" of courage.
Finally,
we can tell that Aristotle vision about desire
is
a welcome resource for those interested in Aristotle's psychology,
as well as those working on the philosophy of desire. There will be
many interesting debates concerning the nature of desire in
Aristotle.
**********************
2. After reading the Giles Pearson text, answer:
"What do you know about Aristotelian different definitions of desire?" Complete the sentences (1-9) with the names/words/sentences (A-M).
1 Few commentators focus on _____ A Nicomachean Ethics
2 Aristotle claims that we are moved B essential component of courage
to action when _____
C thumos
3 Also in the _____ we find _____
D good
4 thumos is a sort of _____
E we grasp the object of desire
5 In ______ thumos is represented as an _____
F Aristotle's conception of good
6 The aim of desire is ______
G impulse
7 The key to understand orexis is _____
H the nature of desire
8 Many commentators focus on _____
I the object of desire
9 Man can desire to do something _____
L Topics
M without being moved to do so
**************
3.
What do you remember about the power point tasks on Aristotle that
you performed to start your CLIL course?
Write
4 simple sentences illustrating the main points of aristotelian
philosophy.
You
can help you looking at the following websites and at the visual
organizer below:
4.
Read the following words and create a visual organizer
soul
- plants - Aristotle - animals – form - the lowest kinds of souls
- reasoning soul – aim higher soul - humans - something
desirable – desire – movement – object - good – matter
practical
reason - faculty
5.
Read and fill the gaps. You have to use the words below the text. One word has to be used twice.
In
Aristotle approach, good character should manifest itself in ____ and
three ____ must be present before a certain behavior can be called a
____ act:
- First, we must understand what we are doing and why it is ____
- Second, what we do, must be ____ chosen
- Finally, the “action must preceed from a firm and ____ character”.
An
honest act is virtuous only if one does it because one is honest.
Happiness
is not ____ because we have got rational _____, it's a sort of ____
driven by ____ soul. All men, by nature desire ____ , all human ____
have one or more of these causes: ____, nature, compulsion, habit,
reason, passion and desire.
freely - behavior – chance -
reasoning - good – to know - unchangeable - capabilities –
pleasure – activity – conditions – actions -
*****************************
6.
Ancient
philosophers and contemporaneity:
argue
about Aristotle's statement below and write a few considerations
about the topic.
“It
is of the nature of desire not to be satisfied, and most men live
only for the gratification of it”
Aristotle
Look
at the image below
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- Step finale UDA n. 1: Autovalutazione studenteAutovalutazione insegnante
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